Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nebulized Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Target and Attenuate Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (A) Experimental timeline: rats undergoing lung IRI received nebulized treatments (Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, or Res-PD-L1@nmEVs) before ischemia and after reperfusion, with sample collection 2 h post-reperfusion. (B) Ex vivo organ fluorescence imaging 24 h after intravenous or bronchial nebulization of DiR-labeled Res-PD-L1@nmEVs. (C) In vivo lung distribution of nebulized DiL-labeled PD-L1@mEVs and PD-L1@nmEVs evaluated using a small animal dynamic imaging system. Blue: CD31 (vascular marker), Red: DiL. (D-E) Quantitative fluorescence intensity in ex vivo organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys) at 0–24 h after bronchial nebulization of DiR-labeled Res-PD-L1@nmEVs in Sham and IRI groups. (F-G) Representative H&E-stained lung sections (F) and corresponding lung injury scores (G). (H) Lung wet/dry weight ratio. (I-K) Levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue. (L-N) Pulmonary oxidative stress markers: T-SOD2 activity (L), GSH/GSSG ratio (M), and MDA content (N). (O) Representative fluorescence images of ROS in lung tissue. Scale bar: 50 μm. (P-R) Immunofluorescence staining and co-localization of tight junction proteins Occludin-1 (green) and ZO-1 (red) in lung tissues (DAPI: blue). Scale bar: 50 μm. Quantitative analysis of ZO-1 (Q) and Occludin-1 (R) fluorescence intensity. ∗ vs. Sham; # vs. IRI; & vs. IRI + PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Pulmonary function was assessed using a small animal pulmonary function system (Data Sciences International, Buxco system, DSI, USA).

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Labeling, In Vivo, Marker, Staining, Activity Assay, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Role of Nedd4L in Macrophage Pro-Inflammatory Polarization Induced by Influenza A Virus and Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12071291

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of IAV + LPS on mouse pulmonary function. ( A – H ) BALB/c mice were treated with saline, IAV, LPS, and IAV + LPS. Mice were anesthetized at 6 h/24 h post-LPS intervention, and pulmonary function was assessed using a small animal lung function tester. ( A ) Tidal volume (TV) ( n = 4). ( B ) Functional residual capacity (FRC) ( n = 4). ( C ) Vital capacity (VC) ( n = 4). ( D ) Forced vital capacity (FVC) ( n = 4). ( E ) Minute volume (MV) ( n = 4). ( F ) Maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF) ( n = 4). ( G ) Peak inspiratory flow (PIF) ( n = 4). ( H ) Peak expiratory flow (PEF) ( n = 4). Compared with the NC group: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; compared with the IAV group: # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01; compared with the LPS group: △ p < 0.05, △△ p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: The other end of the intubation tube was connected to a small animal pulmonary function tester (Harvard Bioscience Inc., DSI Buxco PFT, Holliston, MA, USA) to assess pulmonary function.

Techniques: Saline, Functional Assay

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Star-Shaped Glatiramer Acetate Mitigates Pulmonary Dysfunction and Brain Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Cryptococcus-Associated IRIS

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13112835

Figure Lengend Snippet: sGA preserves pulmonary function in C-IRIS mice. Whole-body plethysmography was performed five days after CD4 + T cell reconstitution to assess respiratory function in naïve Rag1 −/− (naïve) mice, vehicle (PBS)-treated Cryptococcus -associated IRIS (C-IRIS) mice, and star-shaped GA (sGA)-treated C-IRIS mice. Measured parameters included breaths per minute (BPM), total respiratory cycle time (TT), expiration time (ET), inspiration time (IT), and minute volume (MV). n = 9–13 mice per group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Asterisks denote statistical significance (* p < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.

Article Snippet: Respiratory function was evaluated using a whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system (Buxco Small Animal Whole-Body Plethysmography; Data Sciences International).

Techniques: